Victorian era

**Victorian Era**
1837–1901 Queen Victoria, after whom the era is named.
Preceded by	Georgian era
Followed by	Edwardian era
Monarch	Queen Victoria

Periods and eras in English then British History
Tudor Period	(1485–1558)
Elizabethan Era	(1558–1603)
Stuart Period	(1603–1714)
Jacobean Era	(1603–1625)
Caroline Era	(1625–1642)
Georgian Era	(1714–1830)
British Regency	(1811–1820)
Victorian Era	(1837–1901)
Edwardian Era	(1901–1910)
Modern Britain	(1945–present)
v • d • e

The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 until her death on the 22nd of January 1901.¹ The reign was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed an educated middle class to develop. Some scholars extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.

The era was preceded by the Georgian period and succeeded by the Edwardian period. The latter half of the Victorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and the Gilded Age of the United States.

The era is often characterised as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica, and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War, although Britain was at war every year during this time. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Anglo-Zanzibar War and the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform and the widening of the voting franchise.

The population of England had almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901.² Ireland’s population decreased rapidly, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901.³ At the same time, around 15 million emigrants left the United Kingdom in the Victorian era and settled mostly in the United States, Canada, and Australia.⁴

During the early part of the era, the House of Commons was headed by the two parties, the Whigs and the Tories. From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberals; the Tories became the Conservatives. These parties were led by many prominent statesmen including Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, William Ewart Gladstone, Benjamin Disraeli, and Lord Salisbury. The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone's determination to achieve a political settlement. Indeed these issues would eventually lead to the Easter Rising of 1916 and the subsequent domino effect that would play a large part in the fall of the empire.

The reign of Victoria is the longest in British history; it would be exceeded if the present monarch (Queen Elizabeth II) remains on the throne to 2015.

1 Population in the Victorian Era
2 Culture
3 Events
4 Entertainment
5 Technology and engineering
6 Health and medicine
7 Poverty
8 Child labour
9 Prostitution
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

Population in the Victorian Era

The Victorian era saw the biggest change in England’s history, with the population rising from 13.897 million in 1831 to 32.528 million in 1901. The two main factors that affect a population are- fertility rates and mortality rates. England was the first country to undergo an Industrial Revolution. Many countries in the nineteenth century didn’t manage to increase the population so rapidly and successfully throughout the Industrial Revolution- believed mainly to be because of the ‘Malthusian trap’ theory; Thomas Malthus argued that ‘in every age and in every state’ the population increase was unsuccessful because of the lack of subsistence. He had a very negative view on the increase of population-, which he viewed in 1798- just before the start of the Industrial Revolution. England escaped the ‘Malthusian trap’ because the Industrial Revolution had a positive impact on living standards- people had more money and could improve their standards.

Fertility Rates

Fertility rates in the Victorian Era increased every decade until 1901 when the rates started evening out. There have been many explanations for the increase in birth rates. Biological reasons are the first possible explanation- with the standards of living being improved the percentage of women who were able to have children increased. Another possible explanation for why fertility rates increased are social reasons- in the nineteenth century marriage rate increased, and the age people were getting married was very young until the end of the nineteenth century when the average age of marriage started to increase again slowly. Reasons why people started getting married younger and more frequently are unsure- but one explanation could be that with people having more money, they were able to use the money to get married. With more births inside marriage it seems inevitable that marriage rates and birth rates would rise together. Birth rates were originally measure by the ‘Crude Birth Rate’, which is- births per year in population per every thousand people. This id thought not to be accurate enough as key groups and their fertility rates are not clear. It also does not take into account population changes e.g. same number of births in a smaller population (if men go to war ect.) It was then changed to be recorded by the ‘Net Reproduction Rate’ that only measured the fertility rate of women who were capable of giving birth. The evening out of fertility rates at the beginning of the twentieth century was mainly a result of a few big changes: Forms of birth control became available, and people’s attitude towards sex altered (Bradlaw and Besant published ‘Fruits of Philosophy’, which is a publication about birth control.) Abortion also became a more widely used practice- with attitudes becoming less negative towards it. Finally, the state stopped children working- attitudes to children changed as they were no longer seen as economical assets.

Mortality Rates

The mortality rates in England changed dramatically through the nineteenth century. The main thing to note is that there was no major epidemic in the nineteenth century- the first century in which an epidemic did not occur, with deaths per 1000 of population dropping from 22.4 from 1841-50 to 14.4 from 1911-20. Class has a big effect on mortality rates as the upper classes begin to reject death much earlier in the nineteenth century than the lower classes do. The improvements in the environment were being improved throughout the Victorian era, from the sewage works being improved to the condition of drinking water being improved; with the environment, improving diseases were caught less easily and not spread as much. In addition, technology was improving because of the population having more money to put towards medical technology- this means technology to prevent death in childbirth so more women and children were surviving. It also meant that there were cures for diseases and illnesses being created

However, cholera epidemic took place in London in 1848-49 killing 14,137, and subsequently in 1853, killing 10,738. The reason is attributed to closure of the cesspits, which were to be replaced by the more modern sewerage system.

Culture

Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant in the period, leading to the Battle of the Styles between Gothic and Classical ideals. Charles Barry's architecture for the new Palace of Westminster, which had been badly damaged in an 1834 fire, built in the medieval style of Westminster Hall, the surviving part of the building. It constructed a narrative of cultural continuity, set in opposition to the violent disjunctions of Revolutionary France, a comparison common to the period, as expressed in Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution: A History, and Charles Dickens' Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities. Gothic was also supported by the critic John Ruskin, who argued that it epitomised communal and inclusive social values, as opposed to Classicism, which he considered to epitomise mechanical standardisation.

The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, and showcased the greatest innovations of the century. At its centre was the Crystal Palace, a modular glass and iron structure - the first of its kind. It was condemned by Ruskin as the very model of mechanical dehumanisation in design, but later came to be presented as the prototype of Modern architecture. The emergence of photography, which was showcased at the Great Exhibition, resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen Victoria being the first British Monarch to be photographed. John Everett Millais was influenced by photography (notably in his portrait of Ruskin) as were other Pre-Raphaelite artists. It later became associated with the Impressionistic and Social Realist techniques that would dominate the later years of the period in the work of artists such as Walter Sickert and Frank Holl.

Events

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1832: Passage of the first Reform Act.⁵
1837: Ascension of Queen Victoria to the throne.⁵
1840: New Zealand becomes a British colony, through the Treaty of Waitangi.
1840: Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield. He had been naturalised and granted the British style of Royal Highness beforehand. For the next 17 years, he was known as HRH Prince Albert
1840: Birth of the Queen's first child The Princess Victoria. Within months she was granted the title Princess Royal
1841: Birth of the Queen's heir-apparent The Prince Albert Edward, Duke of Cornwall (Duke of Rothesay). He was swiftly made Prince of Wales
1842: Massacre of Elphinstone's Army by the Afghans in Afghanistan results in the death or incarceration of 16,500 soldiers and civilians.⁶ The Mines Act of 1842 banned women/children from working in coal, iron, lead and tin mining.⁵ The Illustrated London News was first published.⁷
1843: Birth of The Princess Alice
1844: Birth of The Prince Alfred
1845: The Irish famine begins. Within 5 years it would become the UK's worst human disaster, with starvation and emigration reducing the population of Ireland itself by over 50%. The famine permanently changed Ireland’s and Scotland's demographics and became a rallying point for nationalist sentiment that pervaded British politics for much of the following century.
1846: Repeal of the Corn Laws.⁵
1846: Birth of The Princess Helena
1848: Death of around 2,000 people a week in a cholera epidemic.
1848: Birth of The Princess Louise
1850: Restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in Britain.
1850: Birth of The Prince Arthur
1851: The Great Exhibition (the first World's Fair) was held at the Crystal Palace,⁵ with great success and international attention. The Victorian gold rush. In ten years the Australian population nearly tripled.⁸
1853: Birth of The Prince Leopold
1854: Crimean War: The United Kingdom declared war on Russia.
1857: The Indian Mutiny, a widespread revolt in India against the rule of the British East India Company, was sparked by sepoys (native Indian soldiers) in the Company's army. The rebellion, involving not just sepoys but many sectors of the Indian population as well, was largely quashed within a year. In response to the mutiny, the East India Company was abolished in August 1858 and India came under the direct rule of the British crown, beginning the period of the British Raj. Prince Albert was given the title The Prince Consort
1857: Birth of The Princess Beatrice
1858: The Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, responded to the Orsini plot against French emperor Napoleon III, the bombs for which were purchased in Birmingham, by attempting to make such acts a felony, but the resulting uproar forced him to resign.
1859: Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which led to various reactions.⁵ Victoria and Albert's first grandchild, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, is born — he would later become William II, German Emperor
1861: Death of Prince Albert;⁵ Queen Victoria refused to go out in public for many years, and when she did she wore a widow's bonnet instead of the crown.
1863: The Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark at Windsor.
1866: An angry crowd in London, protesting against John Russell's resignation as Prime Minister, was barred from Hyde Park by the police; they tore down iron railings and trampled on flower beds. Disturbances like this convinced Derby and Disraeli of the need for further parliamentary reform.
1867: The Constitution Act, 1867 passes and British North America becomes Dominion of Canada.
1875: Britain purchased Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal⁵ as the African nation was forced to raise money to pay off its debts.
1877: The Princess Alice becomes Grand Duchess of Hesse when her husband succeeds as Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse
1878: Treaty of Berlin (1878). Cyprus becomes a Crown colony. The Princess Alice dies. Princess Louise's husband The Marchioness of Lorne is appointed Governor-General of Canada
1879: Victoria and Albert's first great-grandchild, Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, is born.
1882: British troops began the occupation of Egypt by taking the Suez Canal, in order to secure the vital trade route and passage to India, and the country became a protectorate.
1883: Princess Louise and Lord Lorne return from Canada
1884: The Fabian Society was founded in London by a group of middle class intellectuals, including Quaker Edward R. Pease, Havelock Ellis, and E. Nesbit, to promote socialism.⁹ Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany dies.
1886: Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and the Liberal Party tries passing the First Irish Home Rule Bill, but the bill is rejected by the House of Commons.
1888: The serial killer known as Jack the Ripper murdered and mutilated five (and possibly more) prostitutes on the streets of London.⁵ Victoria's eldest daughter, the Princess Royal becomes German Empress when her husband succeeds as Frederick III, German Emperor. Within months, Frederick dies, and their son becomes William II, German Emperor. The widowed Vicky becomes the Dowager Empress as is known as "Empress Frederick".
1870 - 1891: Under the Elementary Education Act 1870, basic State Education became free for every child under the age of 10.¹⁰
1891: Victoria and Albert's last grandchild, Prince Maurice of Battenberg, is born.
1892: The Prince of Wales' eldest son Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence dies of influenza.
1893: The Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh succeeds as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha when his uncle dies. The Duchy skips over The Prince of Wales due to his renunciation of his succession rights to that Duchy.
1900: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dies. His nephew Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany succeeds him, because his brother Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and nephew Prince Arthur of Connaught had renounced their rights.
1901: The death of Victoria saw the end of this era, and the ascension of her eldest son, Edward, began the Edwardian era, another time of great change.

Entertainment

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Popular forms of entertainment varied by social class. Victorian Britain, like the periods before it, was interested in theatre and the arts, and music, drama, and opera were widely attended. There were, however, other forms of entertainment. Gambling at cards in establishments popularly called casinos was wildly popular during the period: so much so that evangelical and reform movements specifically targeted such establishments in their efforts to stop gambling, drinking, and prostitution.

Brass bands and 'The Bandstand' became popular in the Victorian era. The band stand was a simple construction that not only created an ornamental focal point, but also served acoustic requirements whilst providing shelter from the changeable British weather. It was common to hear the sound of a brass band whilst strolling through parklands. At this time musical recording was still very much a novelty.

Another form of entertainment involved 'spectacles' where paranormal events, such as hypnotism, communication with the dead (by way of mediumship or channelling), ghost conjuring and the like, were carried out to the delight of crowds and participants. Such activities were more popular at this time than in other periods of recent Western history.

Natural history becomes increasingly an "amateur" activity. Particularly in Britain and the United States, this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds, butterflies, seashells (malacology/conchology), beetles and wildflowers. Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building the large natural history collections of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Many people used the train services to visit the seaside, helped by the Bank Holiday Act of 1871 which created a number of fixed holidays which all sectors of society could enjoy. Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing, Brighton, Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres, and people like Thomas Cook saw tourism and even overseas travel as viable businesses.

Technology and engineering

The railways changed communications and society dramatically

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An important development during the Victorian era was the improvement of communication links. Stage coaches, canals, steam ships and most notably the railways all allowed goods, raw materials and people to be moved about, rapidly facilitating trade and industry. Trains became another important factor ordering society, with "railway time" being the standard by which clocks were set throughout Britain. Steam ships such as the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western made international travel more common but also advanced trade, so that in Britain it was not just the luxury goods of earlier times that were imported into the country but essentials such as corn from the America and meat from Australia. One more important innovation in communications was the Penny Black, the first postage stamp, which standardised postage to a flat price regardless of distance sent.

Even later communication methods such as cinema, telegraph, telephones, cars and aircraft, would have an impact. Photography was realized in 1839 by Louis Daguerre in France and William Fox Talbot in the UK. By 1900, hand-held cameras were available.

Suspension bridge between two brick built towers, over a wooded gorge, showing mud and water at the bottom. In the distance are hills.

Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol

Similar sanitation reforms, prompted by the Public Health Acts 1848 and 1869, were made in the crowded, dirty streets of the existing cities, and soap was the main product shown in the relatively new phenomenon of advertising. A great engineering feat in the Victorian Era was the sewage system in London. It was designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1858. He proposed to build 82 mi (132 km) of sewer system linked with over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) of street sewers. Many problems were encountered but the sewers were completed. After this, Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers, water pipes and the London Underground. During the same period London's water supply network was expanded and improved, and a gas network for lighting and heating was introduced in the 1880s.

The Victorians were impressed by science and progress, and felt that they could improve society in the same way as they were improving technology. The model town of Saltaire was founded, along with others, as a planned environment with good sanitation and many civic, educational and recreational facilities, although it lacked a pub, which was regarded as a focus of dissent. During the Victorian era, science grew into the discipline it is today. In addition to the increasing professionalism of university science, many Victorian gentlemen devoted their time to the study of natural history. This study of natural history was most powerfully advanced by Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution first published in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859.

Glasgow slum in 1871

Although initially developed in the early years of the 19th century, gas lighting became widespread during the Victorian era in industry, homes, public buildings and the streets. The invention of the incandescent gas mantle in the 1890s greatly improved light output and ensured its survival as late as the 1960s. Hundreds of gasworks were constructed in cities and towns across the country. In 1882, incandescent electric lights were introduced to London streets, although it took many years before they were installed everywhere.

Health and medicine

Medicine progressed during Queen Victoria's reign.¹¹

Although nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, had been proposed as an anaesthetic as far back as 1799 by Humphry Davy, it wasn't until 1846 when an American Dentist named William Morton started using ether on his patients that anaesthetics became common in the medical profession.¹² In 1847 chloroform was introduced as an anaesthetic by James Young Simpson.¹³ Chloroform was favored by doctors and hospital staff because it is much less flammable than ether, but critics complained that it could cause the patient to have a heart attack.¹³ Chloroform gained in popularity in England and Germany after Dr. John Snow gave Queen Victoria chloroform for the birth of her eighth child (Prince Leopold).¹⁴ By 1920, chloroform was used in 80 to 95% of all narcoses performed in UK and German-speaking countries.¹³

Anaesthetics made painless dentistry possible. At the same time the European diet grew a great deal sweeter as the use of sugar became more widespread.¹⁵ As a result, more and more people were having teeth pulled and needed replacements. This gave rise to "Waterloo Teeth", which were real human teeth set into hand-carved chunks of ivory from hippopotamus or walrus jaws.¹⁵¹⁶ The teeth were obtained from executed criminals, victims of battlefields, from grave-robbers, and were even bought directly from the desperately impoverished.¹⁵

Medicine also benefited from the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister in 1867 in the form of Carbolic acid (phenol).¹⁷ He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands, instruments, and dressings with a phenol solution and, in 1869, he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery.¹⁷

Poverty

Part of Charles Booth's poverty map showing the Old Nichol, a slum in the East End of London. Published 1889 in Life and Labour of the People in London. The red areas are "middle class, well-to-do", light blue areas are “poor, 18s to 21s a week for a moderate family”, dark blue areas are “very poor, casual, chronic want”, and black areas are the "lowest class...occasional labourers, street sellers, loafers, criminals and semi-criminals".

Working class life in Victorian Wetherby, West Yorkshire

19th century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanization stimulated by the Industrial Revolution. The large numbers of skilled and unskilled people looking for work kept wages down to barely subsistence level. Available housing was scarce and expensive, resulting in overcrowding. These problems were magnified in London, where the population grew at record rates. Large houses were turned into flats and tenements, and as landlords failed to maintain these dwellings slum housing developed. Kellow Chesney described the situation as follows: "Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the metropolis... In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room."¹⁸

Child labour

Girl pulling a coal tub in mine. From official report of the parliamentary commission in the mid 19th century.¹⁹

The Victorian era became notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps.²⁰ Child labour, often brought about by economic hardship, played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset: Charles Dickens, for example, worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in a debtors' prison. In 1840 only about 20 percent of the children in London had any schooling. By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school (including Sunday school).²¹

The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low wages.¹⁸ Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins; and children were also employed to work in coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, or shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers, and other cheap goods.¹⁸ Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building, or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 18th century). Working hours were long: builders might work 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks. Many young people worked as prostitutes (the majority of prostitutes in London were between 15 and 22 years of age).²¹

"Mother bides at home, she is troubled with bad breath, and is sair weak in her body from early labour. I am wrought with sister and brother, it is very sore work; cannot say how many rakes or journeys I make from pit's bottom to wall face and back, thinks about 30 or 25 on the average; the distance varies from 100 to 250 fathom. I carry about 1 cwt. and a quarter on my back; have to stoop much and creep through water, which is frequently up to the calves of my legs." (Isabella Read, 12 years old, coal-bearer, testimony gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission 1842)¹⁹

"My father has been dead about a year; my mother is living and has ten children, five lads and five lasses; the oldest is about thirty, the youngest is four; three lasses go to mill; all the lads are colliers, two getters and three hurriers; one lives at home and does nothing; mother does nought but look after home. All my sisters have been hurriers, but three went to the mill. Alice went because her legs swelled from hurrying in cold water when she was hot. I never went to day-school; I go to Sunday-school, but I cannot read or write; I go to pit at five o'clock in the morning and come out at five in the evening; I get my breakfast of porridge and milk first; I take my dinner with me, a cake, and eat it as I go; I do not stop or rest any time for the purpose; I get nothing else until I get home, and then have potatoes and meat, not every day meat. I hurry in the clothes I have now got on, trousers and ragged jacket; the bald place upon my head is made by thrusting the corves; my legs have never swelled, but sisters' did when they went to mill; I hurry the corves a mile and more under ground and back; they weigh 300 cwt.; I hurry 11 a-day; I wear a belt and chain at the workings, to get the corves out;" (Patience Kershaw, 17 years old, coal-bearer, testimony gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission 1842)¹⁹

Children as young as three were put to work. In coal mines children began work at the age of 5 and generally died before the age of 25. Many children (and adults) worked 16 hour days. As early as 1802 and 1819, Factory Acts were passed to limit the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine should no longer be permitted to work. This act, however, only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days.²¹

Prostitution

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Beginning in the late 1840s, major news organizations, clergymen, and single women became increasingly concerned about prostitution, which came to be known as "The Great Social Evil". Estimates of the number of prostitutes in London in the 1850s vary widely (in his landmark study, Prostitution, William Acton reported that the police estimated there were 8,600 in London alone in 1857). When the United Kingdom Census 1851 publicly revealed a 4% demographic imbalance in favour of women (i.e., 4% more women than men), the problem of prostitution began to shift from a moral/religious cause to a socio-economic one. The 1851 census showed that the population of Great Britain was roughly 18 million; this meant that roughly 750,000 women would remain unmarried simply because there were not enough men. These women came to be referred to as "superfluous women" or "redundant women", and many essays were published discussing what, precisely, ought to be done with them. ²² "Why are Women Redundant" William Rathbone Greg, N. Trubner & Co. 1869]

While the Magdalene Asylums had been "reforming" prostitutes since the mid-18th century, the years between 1848 and 1870 saw a veritable explosion in the number of institutions working to "reclaim" these "fallen women" from the streets and retrain them for entry into respectable society — usually for work as domestic servants. The theme of prostitution and the "fallen woman" (an umbrella term used to describe any women who had sexual intercourse out of wedlock) became a staple feature of mid-Victorian literature and politics. In the writings of Henry Mayhew, Charles Booth, and others, prostitution began to be seen as a social problem.

When Parliament passed the first of the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1864 (which allowed the local constabulary to force any woman suspected of venereal disease to submit to its inspection), Josephine Butler's crusade to repeal the CD Acts yoked the anti-prostitution cause with the emergent feminist movement. Butler attacked the long-established double standard of sexual morality.

Prostitutes were often presented as victims in sentimental literature such as Thomas Hood's poem The Bridge of Sighs, Elizabeth Gaskell's novel Mary Barton, and Dickens' novel Oliver Twist. The emphasis on the purity of women found in such works as Coventry Patmore's The Angel in the House led to the portrayal of the prostitute and fallen woman as soiled, corrupted, and in need of cleansing.

This emphasis on female purity was allied to the stress on the homemaking role of women,^{citation needed} who helped to create a space free from the pollution and corruption of the city. In this respect, the prostitute came to have symbolic significance as the embodiment of the violation of that divide. The double standard remained in force. Divorce legislation introduced in 1857 allowed for a man to divorce his wife for adultery, but a woman could only divorce if adultery were accompanied by cruelty. The anonymity of the city led to a large increase in prostitution and unsanctioned sexual relationships. Dickens and other writers associated prostitution with the mechanisation and industrialisation of modern life, portraying prostitutes as human commodities consumed and thrown away like refuse when they were used up. Moral reform movements attempted to close down brothels, something that has sometimes been argued to have been a factor in the concentration of street-prostitution in Whitechapel, in the East End of London, by the 1880s.

References

^ Swisher, Clarice, ed. Victorian England. San Diego, CA : Greenhaven Press, 2000.
^ The UK population: past, present and future, statistics.gov.uk
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^ Exiles and Emigrants. National Museum of Australia
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Swisher, Clarice, ed. Victorian England. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. pgs 248-250
^ "1841: A window on Victorian Britain". Independent.co.uk. 2006-04-25. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
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^ California Gold Rush. Robert Whaples, Wake Forest University.
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^ "1870 Education Act". http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Leducation70.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
^ "Victorian Era Health & Medicine - Early Methods of Treatment". Literacycommunity.com. http://www.literacycommunity.com/grade3/pioneercontent/treatments.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
^ "Dr William Green Morton (1819 - 68)". General-anaesthesia.com. http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/images/william-morton.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "History of chloroform anaesthesia". General-anaesthesia.com. http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/chloroform.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
^ Ralph R. Frerichs. "Anesthesia and Queen Victoria". Ph.ucla.edu. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/victoria.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "h2g2 - Waterloo Teeth: A History of Dentures". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A5103271. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
^ "Waterloo Teeth". Historyhome.co.uk. http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/teeth.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
^ ^a ^b "Joseph Lister". Web.ukonline.co.uk. 1912-02-10. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barbara Daniels, Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era
^ ^a ^b ^c Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission Laura Del Col, West Virginia University
^ Laura Del Col, West Virginia University, The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England
^ ^a ^b ^c Child Labor David Cody, Hartwick College
^ "Why are women redundant? - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=R0aQ36xR1sAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=redundant+women&ots=lztzmkNLoG&sig=sWZcslSwCRltuoOQ1xZ1tJOzkgw#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-08-10.

External links

1876 Victorian England Revisited
Great Victorian Lives - An Era in Obituaries from The Times
Mostly-Victorian.com A collection of primary-source documents drawn from Victorian periodicals.
The Victorian Dictionary
The Victorian Web
The Twilight City An exploration of vagrancy and streetwalkers in late Victorian London
Victorians British Library history resources about the Victorian era, featuring collection material and text by Liza Picard.
Timelines: Sources from history - British Library interactive

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Gilbert and Sullivan: A Victorian Era Dynamic Musical Duo: Gilbert and Sullivan: refers to the partnership of librettist WS Gilbert and composer A. Sullivan in the Victorian age who collaborated in comic operas.
The Victorian Era Reading Group « The Book Affair: I know that this reading group is concerned with the Victorian era, but I decided to stray a little outside the field. The following topic will still be connected to the Victorian era, fear not. I'd like to talk a little bit about ...
VICTORIAN ARCHITECTURE: The period of building that covers the term Victorian Architecture, may slightly overlap the actual reign of Queen Victoria, 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901. This reflects the British and French custom of naming architectural styles ...
Mary Brewster [1847] | America's Victorian Era in the Age of Sail ...: America's Victorian Era in the Age of Sail: Women at Sea. Whaling in the 19th century. Skip to content. Home · Welcome · About the Author · New England Women at Sea · Henry Wadsworth Longfellow · My Novel “Tryst with Fate” ...
Antique Jewelry » Blog Archiv » Characteristics Of Victorian ...: Victorian era K? Che believed that a modern and attractive style. character? characteristics of Victorian design a distinctive view of today's styles and has a unique Sch? Nheit is AIM? by many. Its design gr? Heavens handset? ...
Antique Jewelry » Blog Archiv » Renovating a Victorian Home: If you paint your Victorian house? its BL? P? Waiting period reflects? Tent like m?, You'll probably? use “real” colors of the? Victorian era and combinations. W? While many Victorian H? Users today are painted in a neutral topics, ...
Female Victorian Era Travel Writing: Female travelers published their foreign adventures, revealing not only the lands they visited, but also the nature of the Victorian female condition.
lemessagerplus.info » solid gold bangle – Victorian wedding rings ...: Victorian wedding rings is well-known for its academic value and also for the inimitable touch that it offers to antique charm. Even today casual buyers associate the majority of old wedding rings pieces to the Victorian era owing to ...
Maggie Gyllenhaal to star in Victorian-era vibrator rom-com | EW.com: Maggie Gyllenhaal, never one to shy away from sexuality whether she's doubled over on a desk in Secretary or breastfeeding in Away We Go, will star in ...
Victorian era cyling movies « Bike Blog NYC: Got a note from Andrea who is working at a television station in Colorado. They are producing a documentary on Victorian era bicycling called: “Victorian Cycles-Wheels of Change.” They have broken up several clips into short web ...
Inside a Victorian era house in Toronto's Club District: Robert Girvan moved into 326 Richmond Street West nearly 18 months ago. He rents a room on the main floor, a simple but elegant office space with hardwood floors, French doors and exposed brick. Girvan shares the century old house with ...
Actually, a Victorian-era film about people in corsets and top ...: Actually, a Victorian-era film about people in corsets and top hats not doing it *is* my idea of sexy. September 3, 2010 by lgazissax. It's time for some Friday fun links. First, I bring you a Global Comment piece from last year, ...
Victorian / Edwardian Paintings: Edward Mathew Ward - A Year after ...: Mourning, for the Victorian widow, would usually last two and a half years. Within this mourning were four distinct stages though in the later part of the Victorian era, three stages were more common. The first and deepest period of ...
J.J. Abrams to produce Victorian era robot flick "Boilerplate": JJ Abrams and his production company Bad Robot recently announced that they would produce a movie version of Boilerplate: History's Mechanical Marvel, Paul Guinan and Anina Bennett's 2009 graphic novel that follows the adventures of ...
The old Print on Decorating | discount fitness mbt shoes: Old prints, such as newspapers and magazines from the Victorian era, can carry you ages and allows your imagination to escape. Detail and beautiful colors in an old printing add richness and depth. again, keep in mind that using the old ...
Penny Dreadfuls: Cheap Excitement in the Victorian Era: The lower cost of paper and printing during the mid-1800's allowed publishers to offer salacious novels to the newly-literate masses.
TV This Week: Weeds, Cancer, and Victorian-Era Erotica : COED Magazine: TV This Week: Weeds, Cancer, and Victorian-Era Erotica. August 16, 2010 by meredithkreisa. Leave a Comment. Another week, another Weeds. This week will bring you the return of the popular series, as well as several other enticing ...
Web & Video Production News » Blog Archive » Traje (historia): ... during the early 17th century that sharply changed the elaborately embroidered and jeweled formal clothing into the simpler clothing of the Regency period, which gradually evolved to the stark formality of the Victorian era. ...
Intense looking Victorian-era Pessary - madametalbot's posterous: Intense looking Victorian-era Pessary. I just got this in the mail today: This is a pretty nifty very old porcelain pessary. Basically, a woman would insert this into her vagina and wore it all day and took it out at night. ...
Victorian Dress Rent | All Victorian: Victorian Dress Rent where can i rent gowns/dresses from the victorian era? I would check at the resale shops first , then try a costume shop. I don't know if they rent their costumes but you might want to check your local high school ...
Anderson's Cooper's Boyfriend Is Starting Bedlam - New York News ...: "The walls have been papered in Victorian era novels and dictionaries and furnished with a collection of anatomical prints from the period, cases of oddities and curios, old leather-bound books, a glass case filled with birds and ...
Traveloscopy News Desk: HBA Restores This Iconic Landmark On The ...: The iconic English Renaissance-style landmark, dating back to the Victorian era, was once Shanghai's most exclusive and prestigious social club with bowling alleys, restaurants, an oyster bar, games rooms, barber's shop and two wine ...
Know Your South Mission Historic Resources « Burrito Justice: Central Mission area that resembles an “ideal” Victorian-era suburban neighborhood: a corridor of mostly high-style architecture and detached, single-family dwellings for the 19th-century middle classes. Located between very early ...
Victorian "rather sinister" artificial arm and hand - Boing Boing: Both statements are true, but the various Victorian-era memoirs, legal records, and other primary sources I've studied suggest that like most temporal norms, Victorian etiquette went mostly ignored, especially among men of sufficient ...
The Mysterious Boilerplate, a Victorian Era Robot - GoRobotics.net: One Response to “The Mysterious Boilerplate, a Victorian Era Robot”. Sam Says: November 29th, 2009 at 13:03. Crazy :). Leave a Comment. Name (required). Mail (will not be published) (required). Website. Follow Us ...
Raffles: Complete Collection « Konmundun Network: The London Victorian era crime is presented from the thief's point of view. Raffles considers himself a virtuous thief–only doing it to keep debts current and remain socially elite. Quite right-good show. You've never seen anything ...
Discover Celebrity Figure Control Secrets | Footstep 24: This is laughable particularly during the Victorian era because the distortion some women put their bodies through caused havoc with their internal organs and often damaged their reproductive workings. ...
MCA The Criss presents Romance Victorian Era: September 2010 Events Poetry Contest Submissions: Sept 5 - 19th Poetry Event Sept 14th: 12pm to 2pm SLT Romance Victorian Era Sept 24th: 6pm SLT DJ/Entertainment Best Costume "THE CRISS" Museum of Contemporary Art September Events ...
Big Data and a Critique of Geek Culture - ReadWriteCloud: The interface culture we develop out of big data will spawn new works that help guide us into unfamiliar spaces as much as novels helped the Victorian era make sense of the new, industrial world. Hadoop is a tool increasingly used to ...
Top 10 Unknown Facts About Life During The Victorian Era: People are bizarre enough on their own without dressing up as different characters and dancing about the house or eating turtle fat. But as they say, each to his own!
Victorian Era Jewelry- society and status | Artistic Culture: This entry was posted in art, fashion and style and tagged art, fashion, Jewellery, Jewelry, British Museum, Girl with a Pearl Earring, Rome, judy rudoe, charlotte gere, victorian era, painting, garments, fabrics, medievil, ...
Victorian Skirting Boards And Other Touches For An Era Home: If you have a Victorian era home then you need to be careful when you do any remodeling. You need to choose different finishing touches in a Victorian era home. You need to be true to the era of the home. It takes careful consideration. ...
El Blog de Aethilas: Color Palettes: The Honourable John Maler ...: Though it is not surprising that a Victorian Era artist would be a member of a wealthy family, it is somewhat unexpected to most that a gentleman with Collier's background would chose for himself such a profession. ...
Genuine Victorian Artificial Arm is Beautiful, Terrifying « Gajitz: It's a Victorian-era artificial limb from Europe, and it looks like the kind of steampunk torture device you'd expect to see a crazy old man chasing terrified children around with. According to the London Science Museum, ...
New York, Activities; Article: Celebrate the Victorian Era at the ...: The Victorian era is obviously one of the most important times in the history of Great Britain. It is also the longest period in the kingdom's history under a single monarch. The time is marked as a long period of peace and prosperity, ...
Reviews from Innisfree: She Walks in Beauty: Mitchell creates an excellent picture of the Victorian era, highlighting the dark side of society life (especially for women), as well as the situation of the poor in New York City. Clara is a likeable character with whom the reader ...
Relish | Theatre review « Pop Nectar: But the piece has a cartoonish energy, and with appearances by Thackeray, Dickens and Madame Tussaud, Graham neatly suggests that the Victorian era had a celebrity obsession to parallel our own. James Button's two-tier design cleverly ...
Google Earth goes all Steampunk for Victorian era explorers | DVICE: Google Earth goes all Steampunk for Victorian era explorers. Tweet · Google Earth is such a cool 21st century app, that it's hard to imagine what a late 19th century explorer would have done with it. This rig built by Steampunk artist ...
Great Fashion Designs of the Victorian Era Paper Dolls in Full ...: Product DescriptionIn this splendidly detailed and historically accurate collection, noted artist and fashion authority Tom Tierney recreates a rich.
Daybeds During the Victorian Era: Daybeds were a common sight during the Victorian Era. Like their name signifies, they are used for sleeping during the day, although during the Victorian Era they were usually located in a room called a fainting room where women would ...
The Reasons & Right Ways to Buy Port Washington Homes for Sale: The extraordinary houses range from the imposing ones from the Victorian era with sweeping pillars and wide balconies to the more contemporary homes with all the trappings of modernity and fantastic porticos overlooking the bay; ...
Naming Victorian Characters: First and Surname: Where to Find ...: The Victorian Era refers to anything which pertains to the reign of Queen Victoria, between 1840 to 1890. Names were as unique as the era.
Composers Harry Rowe Shelley and Dudley Buck: Victorian Era ...: Connecticut was the home of two of the most celebrated and performed composers of the nineteenth century in the persons of Dudley Buck and Harry Rowe Shelley.
Brown Betty Teapot | The Tea Chest: Later, during the Victorian era of the nineteenth century the shape of the teapot changed to what it is today–rounded. After this reincarnation the teapot was considered the ultimate for brewing tea in. Sources say that the popularity ...
Fiction Writers Review » Blog Archive » Lev Grossman's The Magicians: The world of the novel operates within strict limitations: the school relies on Victorian-era technology because magic puts electronics on the fritz. The power of a spell is finite, and consequences are absolute: expending magic without ...
Pre Raphaelite Art: John Everett Millais - The 'Brown Boy': Thus Millais's later portraits - so far removed from the Pre-Raphaelite works of his youth - are regarded as among the most characterful and original contributions to the art of the Victorian era. Posted by Hermes at 1:00 PM ...
Get Styled at Melbourne - Nike Hyperize Sale: The capital state of Victoria has a pride heritage of Victorian -era architecture. The line of museums, theaters and art galleries evidences the preserved heritage. The kobe iv blending of cultures results to the multicultural 3.5 ...
HJDS Investment Group BLOG: If one were to view re-stored Victorian Era houses they would find this type of window in use. At that time it was often designed incorporating other panes of glass that appeared alongside the regular window. This made a very beautiful ...
Wind as well as rain! - St Giles Fair Oxford, England | Flickr ...: By the Victorian era, with train travel excursions becoming available, the fair was attracting people from places as far away as Birmingham and Cardiff. In 1930, Oxford's city corporation, now the Oxford City Council, took over the ...
The Ann Arbor Chronicle » In the Archives: Victorian Era Death Photos: In the Archives: Victorian Era Death Photos. "Secure the shadow before it fades ..." By Laura Bien. July 14, 2010. Editor's note: Death as a part of life is a theme previously covered by the Chronicle in the form of a column by Jo ...
Rotation Revolution: Bottom Line: I'll be Queen with or without you.: The Victorian Era had it right. There should be a courting process. It should involve fancy clothes, hard-soled shoes, flowers and love letters sealed with wax. I honestly don't think I'd care one bit if the only reason a gentleman ...
Useful Aesthetics | The Cornell Daily Sun: During the Victorian era, the working and middle classes could not afford to purchase masterpieces of European decorative art, and did not expect their spoons, teapots and coffee jars to be beautiful because stylistics were not a ...
Pets Dog Breeders | Dogs and People Tour: Yorkshire Terrier ...: Yorkies Originally bred as working dogs, they became fashionable pets is England in the latter part of the Victorian era. In 1972, Yorkies are the United States and became the country's favorite pet. ...
Pre Raphaelite Art: John Everett Millais - amy, marchioness of huntly: Millais's society portraits, and of which the present painting of the Marchioness of Huntly is one of the earliest and most elegant examples, are among his most characterful and original contributions to the art of the Victorian era. ...
The Vibrator Play - Southern Rep opens its season with Sarah ...: Setting the play in the Victorian era, complete with bustles and top hats, invokes that period's sexual ambivalence, but it was also a time of social and technological progress. Dr. Givings is skilled with his gadget and new form of ...
The vessel, which is idea « Held Fast: The vessel, which is idea to be a Victorian-era organic process of highly-prized Kangxi family people's republic of china ready-made over sixty modern times the first interrogative cost. Comments (0) ...
Victorian Era Furniture: Victorian era furniture refers to pieces made during the reign of Queen Victoria dating from 1837 through 1901. This includes furniture that was mass produced as well as those items crafted by hand. There are many styles of furniture ...
Kuztown Area Historical Society holds open houses on Sundays: The Kutztown Area Historical Society invites visitors to open house sessions to view Victorian-era clothing, photographs, samplers, furniture and other household items. Visitors are welcome 2-4 p.m. every Sunday through September at the ...
Victorian Star Wars Characters | Digital Bus Stop: Greg Peltz has done an amazing job of re-imagining some of our favorite Star Wars characters (from the only trilogy that matters) as if they were in the Victorian era. He's done some truly amazing work on [...]
Victorian-Era Summer Camp: Featuring a Victorian finishing school for young girls.
UK: Victorian Era Doctor "Escaped the Sack Despite Treating Pauper ...: A Victorian doctor killed a workhouse boy after allowing him to be treated in an acid bath for scabies, according to newly released National Archive files detailing the hardships of 19th Century life. Thomas S Fletcher, a surgeon at the ...
Victorian Death Worship and Literature: Charles Dickens as a caricaturist of life, captures this morbid fascination in his works with remarkable sentiment and uses it to reflect the whole social climate of the Victorian era. Gaskell also works closely with death in her novels ...
Victorian Decorating For Nostalgic Home Decor | Best Home Design: The mantle over the fireplace was also kept covered during the Victorian era but very few people choose to do this today. The Victorians liked their furniture to be well stuffed, usually with horsehair. Most of the chairs had upright ...
Why Steve Jobs is the new Charles Dickens - Crying out loud: "The interface culture we develop out of big data will spawn new works that help guide us into unfamiliar spaces as much as novels helped the Victorian era make sense of the new, industrial world." ...
Select Photography Backdrops for a dazzling surroundings ...: During Victorian era, pastoral photography was the principal trend. Hence, props such as shepherd's crooks and also live sheep were used to develop the required surroundings. Photography props are nevertheless developing even currently. ...
Choose Photography Backdrops for an exciting setting | Computer ...: During Victorian era, pastoral photography was the main trend. For that reason, props like shepherd's crooks and also live sheep were employed to develop the essential setting. Photography props are generally even now developing even ...
Super Rings Acceptable in Plenty Unique Spots « An Brand Lead in ...: Birthstones became well-liked in the course of the Victorian era and latest diamond jewelry partizans still get pleasure from marking each and every birth month with a unique stone. Each and every pandora bracelets is focused into an ...
'A Doll's House' — A little space, a lot of drama | Celebrity Sentry: "it still stays true to the Victorian era that it was written in, but I also wanted to put it on the cusp of a new world. It's a new city, there's a lot of immigrants coming in — a lot of those old customs, that old world kind-of living ...
Victorian Era Fashion and Clothing: The Victorian Era is generally considered to be a very exciting period of history that spans a period of the better part of 63 years. Those are the years that the United Kingdom was under the reign of Queen Victoria, which lasted from ...
Real Estate Blogging 101 | Pertamaxxx: I personally love Victorian era homes so if you start a blog about them, send me a link. You might provide information on the best or most affordable locations to live or cover. How about covering the most exclusive luxury homes out ...
The Owl's Kitchen: The Duchess' Lemon Bread: At the recent Baraboo, Wisconsin Rendezvous, the duchess (as usual) held one of her special tea parties, Victorian era style. It is a highlight of this particular rendezvous. Along with delicious samples of tea, each party includes a ...
humour me just this once | contemporary monkey: Rude Britannia provided a through-line for the island's comic heritage beginning somewhere near the chaotic Napoleonic Wars, through the girdled Victorian era, past two somber world wars, straight into Tony Blair's ears. ...
domo arigato - mr. roboto : You're so Fire: i likephotography, lomography, cinematography, the history of the victorian era like marie antionette and the boleyn sisters, reading, reading blogs, watching vlogs, starbucks, fashion, couture, art, colourful sunsets, creativity, ...
Black Onyx: The Meaning Of Stones « menswatchusa.com: In fashion, black onyx was popular during the Victorian era. They were used by rich women who are mourning. They were made popular by Queen Victoria who used them to mourn the death of her husband for forty years. ...
Victorian Lampposts « the Victorian era: Victorian Lampposts, a family passion for the last 30 years, and despite common misconception, they've actually had a rather short lifespan to date. During the Victorian era, lampposts were quite different to the type we expect to see ...
LV Stephen Sprouse | Easy Online Jobs Review: Its graphic symbols, including quatrefoils and flowers (as well as the LV monogram), were based on the trend of using Japanese and Oriental designs in the late Victorian era. The patents later proved to be successful in stopping ...
Punch and Judy – The History & Origins: The play was at its most successful in the 18th century and continued well into the Victorian era, however, as the show and characters made their way into the 20th century, a new generation found the play to be vulgar and offensive. ...
First New Snail Larval Form Discovered Since 1878 | Deep Sea News: The Victorian era was a mad dash for naturalists as they observed and cataloged much of the animal diversity we know of today. But in the sea their treasure hunt was limited technologically. Only in the last 115 years, since the results ...
The Bibliophile Challenge: Review: A Christmas Carol: His skill as a storyteller transports us back in time to the Victorian era and our preconceptions about this book fall away in his hands; we forget much of what we know of this story, it is fresh, new, diverting. ...
Greg Peltz re-imagines Star Wars, sets characters in Victorian Era ...: Would you have imagined Star Wars set in the Victorian Era? According to LA Weekly,. These gorgeous Victorian-styled paintings of Star Wars characters–hello! Jabba the Hutt as a 19th century robber baron!–were done by 23-year-old ...
Antique Jewelry » Blog Archiv » Decorative Wooden Bird Houses: Victorian era? ? Be ra structures have? Volumes? ? From the diff? annuities? historical eras, architecture Nantucket Vogel H? user properties? silent f? purple martins you r name, and it can be brought n? necessary. This form Vogelh? ...
Ontario Travel: Discoveries In and Around Brantford – Harvest ...: After a brief excursion outdoors to take in Harmony Square, the Beaux-Arts-style Federal Building and the Victorian-era Temple Building that is now Brantfords popular Arts Block, we had breakfast in the attractive Coffee Culture café ...
Review: Relish, National Youth Theatre | A Younger Theatre: Before television became the ideal place to send chefs of our time to stardom such as Jamie Oliver and Gordan Ramsey - Alexis Soyer found his fame through his French cooking in the Victorian era where passion for his food saw him soar ...
Legend Press: The Woman Who Dared: Biography of Amy Levy: Described by no less than the great Oscar Wilde as 'a girl of genius', a feminist and free-thinker, Any Levy was one of the boldest spirits of her generation. The book is a must for anyone studying Levy or the Victorian era. ...
ResourceBlog Article: New Webliography: Victorian Literature and ...: Our collective fascination with the Victorian era, its continuing influence on our lives, and the plethora of extant primary source material, make it a rich period for research. Although scholars have a wealth of print resources ...
Loose Diamonds Info: Fine Diamond Jewelry: Locating The Right Store: Meanwhile, if you're looking for rare jewelry finds such as oval diamonds from the Victorian era, heirlooms that you will add to your collection, or perhaps used diamonds to save money, you could personally visit specialty stores, ...
Lady of Shalott as the Victorian Woman: Tennyson and Passivity ...: Published in: tennyson lady of shalott lady of shalott analysis lady of shalott commentary lady of shalott sparknotes lady of shalott essay lady of shalott and victorian women victorian era women role of women in the victorian era ...
Ioannis Mitrou Dental Blog: Brushing Teeth Tips For a Bacterial ...: The Victorian era brought us toothpastes in jars, but we didn't see nylon bristles for brushing teeth until World War II. Now our toothpastes ooze many different ingredients from pumps or tubes and many of our brushes flex, ...
Microsoft bans Fort Gay Xbox Live gamer - GAMER.BLORGE: Microsoft fortunately realized this wasn't the Victorian era, and changed this policy earlier in the year. But if you live somewhere with a name that could be considered offensive then you still may be screwed. ...
A Blog about Nothing: Review- Clockwork Angel: If you think that you might not like it because it's set in a Victorian era you will be proven wrong just like I was. Clockwork Angel has the same Shadowhunter world that we fell in love with, an intricate web of plots, new characters, ...
Great Title For Architecture Essay For IB Extended Architectural ...: Great Title For Architecture Essay For IB Extended Architectural Designs 1.Victorian era architecture 2.Architecture of 19th century 3.Analyzing the famous architecture of the world 4.Architecture in Africa 5.Architecture in Rome ...
Dave Greten's Blog: Wisdom: In Confucian China, in ancient Sparta, in Republican Rome, in the early Pilgrim settlements of New England, and among the British upper classes of the Victorian era, people ere held responsible for keeping a tight rein on their emotions ...
BryonySeries: Strange Foods: After Melissa overcomes her initials trepidations about making a pact with a vampire, her biggest fear is not her health or safety, but the unfamiliar foodstuffs she encounters in the Victorian era. Luckily, selections are lavish, ...
Top 10 Unknown Facts About Life During The Victorian Era: When people think of the Victorian era, they imagine beautiful mansions, coy women and gallant men. They don't think of the following facts which are nothing if not weird. 1. Let's Dress Up!...
Antique Jewelry » Blog Archiv » Benefits of Using Ceramic Tiles: Victorian era. They are so beautiful n, w? Rde they imm? M immediately? Gen. Tags » Benefits, Ceramic, Tiles, Using «. Author:admin. Date: Thursday, 9. September 2010 1:43. Trackback: Trackback-URL Category: Antique Jewelry ...
KGS: Victorian Era Higgins Seiter Austrian Covered Pillar Candle ...: Description Here's an unusual Higgins & Seiter find. You'll find many fine H & S china plates, bowls, cups and...
List o' 10 Contributions of the Victorian Era | listsoplenty.com: The Victorian Era is defined, quite literally, as the time of the reign of Queen Victoria in England, a period covering June 1837 to January 1901.
When Is A Bedroom A Bedroom? - Article Niche: There are many Victorian-era homes, for example, that were built on the premise that you would have a huge wardrobe to keep your clothing in – are they not bedrooms? Most would say yes, but with this, as with most things involving the ...
Defending a Victorian-era law | The Nut Graph: A Victorian wedding portrait (Source: Wiki commons) JANAGI and Rajoo were married. After Rajoo left Janagi, Janagi approached Maniam to live with him. Displeased that Janagi was living with another ...
One Literature Nut: Double Review: Emma vols. 2 & 3 by Kaoru Mori: I love the Victorian Era and the restraint it always guarantees a piece. In a manga such as these, that restraint is not lost, and manages to pull the story forward in a way that adds elements that pictures and narration alone can not. ...