Web Accessibility Initiative




 

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)'s Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) is an effort to improve the accessibility of the World Wide Web (WWW or Web) for people with disabilities. People with disabilities may encounter difficulties when using computers generally, but also on the Web. Since people with disabilities often require non-standard devices and browsers, making websites more accessible also benefits a wide range of user agents and devices, including mobile devices, which have limited resources.

The W3C launched the Web Accessibility in 1997 with endorsement by The White House and W3C members.1 It has several working groups and interest groups that work on guidelines, technical reports, educational materials and other documents that relate to the several different components of web accessibility. These components include web content, web browsers and media players, authoring tools, and evaluation tools.

Contents

Organization

WAI develops guidelines and other technical reports through the same process as other parts of the W3C.2 Like other W3C initiatives, the WAI consists of several working groups and Special interest groups, each with its own focus. Only working groups can produce technical reports that become W3C recommendations. A working group can sometimes delegate specific work to a task force, which then presents its results back to the working group for approval. Interest groups may produce reports (for example, as W3C Notes), but not recommendations. Each of these types of groups (working group, task force, interest group) can have one or more mailing lists. They meet through conference calls at regular intervals (typically every week or every other week) and sometimes use web-based surveys to collect input or comments from participants. They can also meet face to face (one to five times per year).

Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (AUWG)

The Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines Working Group develops guidelines, techniques and supporting resources for tools that create web content, ranging from desktop HTML editors to content management systems. The accessibility requirements apply to two types of things: the user interface on the one hand, and the content produced by the tool on the other. The working group consists of representatives from organizations that produce authoring tools, researchers, and other accessibility experts. The working group produced the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 in 2000 and is currently working on Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. It also published a document on Selecting and Using Authoring Tools for Web Accessibility.3

Education and Outreach Working Group (EOWG)

The Education and Outreach Working Group develops materials for training and education on Web accessibility. This working group has produced documents on a wide range of subjects, including:

Currently, the working group has a task force to support the work done in the WAI-AGE project. This project published a document that reviews literature about the needs of older users and compares these needs with those of people with disabilities as already addressed in WAI guidelines.1011

The Education and Outreach Working Group can also review working drafts produced by other WAI working groups.

Evaluation and Repair Tools Working Group (ERT WG)

The Evaluation and Repair Tools Working Group develops technical specifications that support the accessibility evaluation and repair of Web sites. It also maintains a database of tools for evaluating Web sites and for making them more accessible (“repair”, “retrofitting”). The working group consists mainly of developers of such tools and researchers. Current work focuses on

Protocols & Formats Working Group (PFWG)

The Protocols & Formats Working Group reviews all W3C technologies for accessibility before they are published as a recommendation. It has also published a note on accessibility issues of CAPTCHA17, a paper on natural language usage for people with cognitive disabilities18, and initial work on accessibility requirements for XML-based markup languages (XML Accessibility Guidelines).

In 2006, the working group started development of a set of document and specifications for accessible rich internet applications: WAI-ARIA. 19 20 21 22

Research and Development Interest Group (RDIG)

The goal of the Research and Development Interest Group is

This interest group has seen very little activity since 2004. Its current charter expired at the end of 2006.23

User Agent Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (UAWG)

The User Agent Accessibility Guideline Working Group develops guidelines, techniques and other documents to promote the accessibility of user agents: browsers and plug-ins. The working group consists mainly of organizations that develop user agents, researchers, and other accessibility experts. The working group published User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (UAAG 1.0) as a W3C Recommendation in 2002, and is currently working on the second version of this specification.

WAI Interest Group (WAI IG)

The WAI Interest Group is an open group with a mailing list to which anyone can subscribe. W3C staff post announcements of new WAI documents to this mailing list to invite reviews and comments. Members of the list also post announcements of relevant events and publications, and ask advice on issues related to web accessibility. The language of the mailing list is English; there are no parallel mailing lists in other languages.

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (WCAG WG)

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group produces guidelines, techniques and other supporting documents relating to the accessibility of Web content. Web content refers to any information you may find on a Web site: text, images, forms, sound, video, etcetera, regardless whether these were produced on the server side or on the client side (with a client-side scripting language such as JavaScript). Thus, the guidelines also apply to rich internet applications.

The working group consists of representatives from industry, accessibility consultancies, universities, organizations that represent end users, and other accessibility experts.

The working group published the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG 1.0) as W3C Recommendation in 1999, followed by techniques documents in 2000. In 2001, the working group started work on WCAG 2.0, which became a W3C Recommendation on 11 December 2008.2425

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group is probably the most well-known working group in WAI; the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 are often simply referred to as “the WAI guidelines,” even though WAI also produces other guidelines and specifications.

WAI Coordination Group

The WAI Coordination Group co-ordinates that activities of the WAI working groups (and interest groups). Its activities are not public.

Guidelines and technical reports

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (known as WCAG) were published as a W3C Recommendation on 5 May 1999. A supporting document, Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.026 was published as a W3C Note on 6 November 2000. WCAG 1.0 is a set of guidelines for making web content more accessible to persons with disabilities. They also help make web content more usable for other devices, including mobile devices (PDAs and cell phones). The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 are recognized as a de facto standard and have served as a basis for legislation and evaluation methodologies in many countries.

The WCAG working group published WCAG 2.0 as a Recommendation on 11 December 2008. WCAG 2.0 is based on very different requirements from WCAG 1.0:

The combination of more general applicability and higher precision proved very challenging.

Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)

Developed by the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines Working Group, the ATAG 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on February 3, 2000. The ATAG is a set of guidelines for developers of any kind of authoring tool for Web content: simple HTML editors, tools that export content for use on the Web (for example, word processors that can save as HTML), tools that produce multimedia, content management systems, etcetera.

The goal is for developers to create tools that:

The ATAG working group is currently working on a second version of the guidelines. A Last Call Working Draft was published in November 2004 27 28 but subsequent versions were published as normal working drafts. Implementation Techniques for ATAG 2.029 are also available as a working draft.

User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG)

Developed by the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines Working Group, the UAAG 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 17 December 2002. The UAAG is a set of guidelines for user agent developers (such as web browsers and media players) aimed at making the user agent accessible to users with disabilities. Techniques for User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.030 was published as a W3C Note on the same day; it provides techniques for satisfying the checkpoints defined in UAAG 1.0. Working group members also produced other supporting documents, including initial notes on How to evaluate a user agent for conformance to UAAG 1.031; this document was not formally approved by the working group. No user agents have been reported as fully conforming to UAAG 1.0.

The working group is currently working on a new version of the guidelines. The first public draft of User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 was published on 12 March 2008.32

XML Accessibility Guidelines (XAG)

The XAG explains how to include features in XML applications (i.e. markup languages conforming to the XML specification) that promote accessibility. Work on these guidelines stopped in 2002; the guidelines are still a working draft.

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA)

WAI-ARIA (Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications) is a draft technical specification33 which is yet to become a W3C Recommended Web Standard. It allows web pages (or portions of pages) to declare themselves as applications rather than as static documents, by adding role, property, and state information to dynamic web applications. ARIA is intended for use by developers of web applications, web browsers, assistive technologies, and accessibility evaluation tools.34

See also

References

  1. ^ World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Launches International Web Accessibility Initiative Press release, 7 April 1997.
  2. ^ How WAI Develops Accessibility Guidelines through the W3C Process: Milestones and Opportunities to Contribute
  3. ^ Selecting and Using Authoring Tools for Web Accessibility
  4. ^ Accessibility Features of CSS - W3C NOTE 4 August 1999
  5. ^ Curriculum for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0
  6. ^ Evaluating Web Sites for Accessibility
  7. ^ Planning Web Accessibility Training
  8. ^ Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your Organization: Overview
  9. ^ How People with Disabilities Use the Web
  10. ^ WAI-AGE Project (IST 035015)
  11. ^ Web Accessibility for Older Users: A Literature Review - W3C Working Draft 14 May 2008
  12. ^ Evaluation and Report Language 1.0 Schema
  13. ^ Evaluation and Report Language 1.0 Guide
  14. ^ HTTP Vocabulary in RDF
  15. ^ Representing Content in RDF
  16. ^ Pointer Methods in RDF
  17. ^ Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA: Alternatives to Visual Turing Tests on the Web - W3C Working Group Note 23 November 2005
  18. ^ Natural Language Usage -- Issues and Strategies for Universal Access to Information
  19. ^ Roadmap for Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA Roadmap) - W3C Working Draft 26 September 2006. This is the first public working draft; the most recent version can always be found at www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-roadmap/.
  20. ^ Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) Version 1.0 - W3C Last Call Working Draft 24 February 2009
  21. ^ WAI-ARIA Best Practices - W3C Working Draft 24 February 2009
  22. ^ WAI-ARIA Implementation Guide - W3C Working Draft 24 February 2009
  23. ^ a b Research and Development Interest Group (RDIG) Charter
  24. ^ Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 - W3C Recommendation 11 December 2008
  25. ^ W3C: W3C Web Standard Defines Accessibility for Next Generation Web (press release, 11 December 2008).
  26. ^ Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 - W3C Note 6 November 2000
  27. ^ Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 - W3C Working Draft 22 November 2004
  28. ^ Response to Last Call Comments on ATAG 2.0, November 2004
  29. ^ Implementation Techniques for Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 - W3C Working Draft 10 March 2008
  30. ^ Techniques for User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 - W3C Note 17 December 2002
  31. ^ How to evaluate a user agent for conformance to UAAG 1.0
  32. ^ User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0: W3C Working Draft 12 March 2008.
  33. ^ Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) Version 1.0
  34. ^ WAI-ARIA Overview of WAI-ARIA

External links

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jibbajabba
Accessibility
Resources. Web Accessibility Initiative, W3C; Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, WAI/W3C; Section 508; Accessibility Checklist, IBM Human Ability and Accessibility Center. Introductory Articles. Understanding Accessibility, IBM Human ...
Jay
Web Accessibility – Why do it?
Thanks to a national movement called the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), the 54 million Americans who are disabled will have more of a chance to use the Internet just like the rest of us. The WAI is a part of the World Wide Web ...
Lainey Feingold
Major League Baseball: All Star Ballot with Audio CAPTCHA - Law ...
In February of this year, MLB announced its accessibility initiative in a joint press release issued with the American Council of the Blind and its Massachusetts and California affiliates. Read the MLB Web Accessibility Press Release. ...
riven
Strategies that Could Lesson the Digital Divide with Special ...
The World Wide Web Consortium Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) was created to lead the way in developing, maintaining, and evaluating the universal accessibility of web pages on the Internet. They provide free tools and educational ...
Bjørn Bergslien
Web accessbility: What is it and what do you need to know?
As the web becomes more integrated in our lives and society, disabled people also need to use it. In many cases, web accessibility is required by laws or policies. The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) To help make the web accessible ...
admin
The Reasons Why Today Php is the First Choice of the Web Hosts?
It is XHTML 1. 0 compatible and meets the W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative requirements. When backed up by database as MySQL, the PHP offers you everything that a web host can imagine of. 1. PHP website is more than just another CMS— ...
paulsignorelli
Marti Goddard: Reviewing the State of Services for the Disabled
Among the great resources and reasons for hope is the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) and its website, full of resources and up-to-date information. There is, for example, a report that an updated working draft of authoring tool ...
Glor Anwanwan
Optimizing and Branding Your Website
World Wide Web Consortium (WC3) Web Accessibility Initiative — http://www.w3schools.com/quality/quality_accessibility.asp; Web AIM (Accessibility In Mind): Introduction to Web accessibility http://www.webaim.org/intro/ ...
Knowbility
Web Accessibility: Guidelines for Administrators
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops and maintains the protocols used on the web to insure interoperability and promote universal access. The W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) has developed guidelines for web authors. ...
Steve
Interview with Jennison Asuncion, part three | the art of web ...
... Inaccessible Websites, which is I believe in draft stage. However, it is a document from the W3C 's Web Accessibility Initiative, and provides practical steps and templates on how to address the topic of web site inaccessibility. ...
Gary
Web design: the importance of accessibility
There's one point that's often missing from many business's web design checklists, and that's accessibility. By law, all publicly accessed websites must comply with Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) guidelines, specifically Section 19 ...
JFA Moderator
White House Tech Event Celebrating ADA
Others present included Benentech, Inclusive Technologies, Maryland Relay Services, Communication Services for the Deaf, Verizon, Microsoft, the Web Accessibility Initiative, the Information Technology Industry association, among others ...
unknown
Using Web 2.0 tools and open source software: The experience of ...
Government agencies in Puerto Rico must observe the criteria for web-based technology and information defined by the Federal Rehabilitation Act, Section 508, based on access guidelines developed by the Web Accessibility Initiative of ...
Webmaster
Php Website Core Features: Cms and Beyond
The PHP web site provides a complete web site content management system solution. The client output supports XHTML 1.0 and meets the W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative requirements. You will not require much technical knowledge to ...
Gisela Tirado Tewes
Web Accessibility
The accessibility barriers to print, audio, and visual media can be much more easily overcome through web technologies. The W3C (Web Accessibility Initiative) developed guidelines and resources [...]
Lainey Feingold
MLB Accessible Website Press Release - Law Office of Lainey Feingold
The Disability Law Center in Boston was also involved in this initiative. You can read a summary of all posts on this website about Major League Baseball's web accessibility initiative, including updates posted after this release, ...
xapidamh
Why You Should Hire a Professional Website Designer
Read more about the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). You should make sure that the professional web site designer you hire provides all of the above and should adhere to the most common, ...
Karl Groves
Current State of International Accessibility Standards
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are part of a series of Web accessibility guidelines published by the W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative. They consist of a set of guidelines on making content accessible. ...
Damian Gordon
The Web Accessibility Initiative
The WAI develops guidelines widely regarded as the international standard for Web accessibility, they support materials to help understand and implement Web accessibility, and they create resources, through international collaboration. ...
BA Haller
Obituary: William Loughborough, a pioneer in vision science and ...
Judy Brewer, director of WAI, said this about Bill: "The Web Accessibility Initiative mourns the passing of William Loughborough, a tireless advocate for accessibility since before the beginning of WAI. ...
Jacob
Australian Government comforms to Web Accessibility Guidelines.
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 is a document produced by the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. In a basic summary the guideline has ditched a lot of the previous content related to HTML mark up, such as designs using ...
unknown
[Web Accessibility Initiative] Social Accessibility Project by IBM
This pilot service is focused on improving accessibility for screen reader users. Users encountering Web access problems anywhere at any time will be able to immediately report the problems to the Social Accessibility server.
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